THE
DANGERS OF PROZAC:
Part 2
By Gary Null, Ph.D. and Martin Feldman, M.D.
Note: The information on this
website is not a substitute for
diagnosis and treatment by a qualified, licensed professional.
Depression. People who are overstimulated may end up suffering
from depression as well. Eli Lilly knew that Prozac caused depression and
reported the relationship to the FDA, according to Dr. Breggin. "Lilly
admitted on paper, in its final statement about the drug's side effects,
that it commonly caused patients to get depressed. Then it got scratched out
at the FDA... It just disappeared from the label."67
The result is that a drug intended to relieve depression may have the
opposite effect. As Dr. Breggin states, "[People] start taking the drug and
in the beginning they feel better... Maybe the drug gives them a burst of
energy. Stimulants will do that. They make people feel energized. Then they
get more depressed. They may get suicidal feelings. They don't know that Eli
Lilly once listed depression as an effect of the drug. And so they end up
thinking they need more Prozac, and their doctor agrees."68
In a related area, doctors at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
have reported that five patients developed apathy, indifference, and loss of
initiative when they took fluoxetine or fluvoxamine, another antidepressant.
The doctors noted that the mechanisms producing these side effects bore a
clinical resemblance to "those of frontal lobe dysfunction," in which
patients may "display apathy, flatness of affect and lack of emotional
concern, childishness and euphoria, socially inappropriate behavior, and
difficulty in foreseeing the outcome of an action."69
Sexual dysfunction. Prozac can induce sexual dysfunction because
it affects the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that connects receptor
sites and fires nerves. Men who take the drug may not be able to get an
erection or to ejaculate, and women may have difficulty obtaining an orgasm.
In one study, 45 of 60 men who took Prozac experienced retarded
ejaculation or ejaculatory incompetence, suggesting that "such sexual
dysfunction is a more common side effect of fluoxetine than is reported in
the Physician's Desk Reference."70
Another study found that 8.3 percent of Prozac users had problems achieving
orgasm.71 Other reports document cases
of prolonged erection and loss of ejaculation or sexual stimulation as a
side effect of Prozac.72, 73 Cases of
sexual dysfunction may subside when the drug is discontinued.74
Dr. Breggin adds, "Again, when Lilly studied this matter for the FDA,
they found only a small amount of people were having sexual dysfunction.
Then after the drug was approved, they found out that they were wrong and
that a very large percentage of people were having this particular problem."75
Tardive dystonia and tardive dyskinesia. Some Prozac users have
charged that the drug causes tardive dystonia or tardive dyskinesia (TD),
two forms of neurological damage in which the muscles tense up or move
involuntarily. These disorders can produce bizarre-looking postures and
movements. Consequently, people who are taking Prozac to relieve mental
illness may in fact appear to be mentally ill. What's more, the symptoms may
continue after they stop taking the drug; in some cases the condition may be
permanent.
Doctors have reported a variety of neurological symptoms in people taking
Prozac. These symptoms including acute dystonia and reversible dystonia.76,
77, 78 In two cases, patients developed complex movement
disorders while they were taking fluoxetine. This disorder was marked by
rhythmic palatal movements, myoclonus and possibly dystonia in one patient,
and myoclonic jerking and rapid, sterotypic movements of the toes in the
other.79 Another report says that four
patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease experienced an increased amount
of motor disability when they took Prozac.80
However, a review of 23 patients with Parkinson's disease who took Prozac
found that 20 of them did not experience a worsening of their condition. The
researchers concluded that fluoxetine in doses of up to 40 mg per day does
not appear to be linked to an increase in the signs and symptoms of
Parkinson's disease.81
Many psychiatric drugs, such as Haldol and Thorazine, have been found to
cause tardive dyskinesia in about 20 percent of long-term users. The
manufacturers' prescription information for these drugs includes appropriate
warnings. But that is not the case with Prozac's package insert, which warns
that users have developed dystonia and dyskinesia but not that the drug may
cause permanent damage to the nervous system.
Generally, when psychiatric drugs cause permanent disorders such as TD,
it is after patients have used the medication for a year or longer. With
Prozac, however, the condition appears to set in much more rapidly. One
woman in Texas who sued Eli Lilly claims she experienced permanent damage
within two days of taking two Prozac capsules a day. Another user began to
experience severe muscle spasms in her arms after she took Prozac for eight
days; she still had TD and a diminished ability to function two years later.
The FDA has received reports linking Prozac to tardive dystonia and
tardive dyskinesia. Ironically, however, the agency seems to have taken the
position that the symptoms occur too soon in Prozac users, and therefore are
not "tardive" (which means "late developing") disorders. In explaining why
it has not acknowledged that Prozac may cause TD, the FDA also has said that
some reports did not contain sufficient information and that some claimants
were using other drugs as well.
PROZAC'S CLINICAL TRIALS
How did a drug with such potentially dangerous side effects make it into
the marketplace? One reason is that the clinical trials for Prozac were
flawed, according to documents released under the Freedom of Information
Act. Consider:
* Eli Lilly told physicians involved in the trials to record a variety of
adverse reactions, including suicidal ideation, morbid thoughts, agitation,
sadness and insomnia, as "symptoms of depression," rather than as separate
effects. In a review of Prozac, FDA Efficacy Reviewer J. Hillary Lee stated,
"Note: the exhortation [by Lilly] to exclude experiences caused by
depression may have altered the relative frequencies of many adverse
experiences. Each investigator would have had his own idea of what
depressive experiences might comprise resulting in a lack of generality from
one investigator to the next. Not surprisingly, many antidepressants and
ansiolytic agents do produce adverse reactions which are known to be
symptoms of depressions (e.g., insomnia, nausea, anxiety, tension,
restlessness) leading to a possible underrepresentation of these effects."
* Tony DiCicco, an FDA Consumer Safety Officer, said the studies
conducted by Eli Lilly to demonstrate Prozac's efficacy and safety were
badly flawed. He stated, "This agency has discovered a flaw in the
experimental design and execution of the fluoxetine studies. In the main
efficacy trials, patients who were not doing well could be dropped out at
the end of the second week and switched to fluoxetine (after breaking the
blind and determining if the patient was on imipramine or placebo)... This
led to the situation where an end point analysis would compare patients'
scores after six weeks of treatment...leading to a biased comparison."
Meanwhile, the FDA's original efficacy review of Prozac found that the
drug was no more effective than a placebo. The FDA, for reasons that are not
clear, told Eli Lilly to reevaluate the drug based on fewer variables. The
manufacturer did so, reducing the number of variables by two-thirds, and
issued a new evaluation of Prozac's effectiveness. The FDA approved this new
evaluation.
In fact, the FDA appears to have looked the other way in regard to
several problems before Prozac's release. The FDA discovered in 1986 that
Eli Lilly had withheld information about the onset of psychotic episodes on
at least 52 patients during the drug's clinical trials. Yet no actions were
taken against the manufacturer or Prozac. Documents also show that Eli Lilly
and the FDA knew of 15 suicides that occurred during the drug's clinical
trials, even though the Prozac label said that three people died during the
trials.
Dr. Breggin, for his part, believes strongly that Prozac should not have
been approved by the FDA for a variety of reasons.82
Among them:
* Eli Lilly hand-picked doctors to conduct studies of Prozac, and these
doctors ignored evidence of its stimulant properties. Patients who became
agitated received sedatives such as Klonopin, Ativan, Xanax and Valium, a
procedure that Dr. Breggin says invalidates the studies. After all, the use
of sedatives means that any effects on the patients were not caused by
Prozac alone. As Dr. Breggin argues, "Basically, the FDA should have said,
'We're approving Prozac in combination with addictive sedatives.'"
* The number of people tested during Prozac's clinical trials is far
fewer than the manufacturer claims. Eli Lilly has stated that 11,000 people
took part in the clinical trials for the drug, including about 6,000 who
took Prozac. But Dr. Breggin shows in his book that a mere 286 people
completed the four- to six-week-long trials on which Prozac's approval was
based.83 Eli Lilly has never challenged
this information. "They've had me under oath in court, and they haven't
contested a single word I've written in the book," Dr. Breggin says.
* The tests excluded people who were suicidal, psychotic or suffering
from other mental and emotional disorders. These, of course, are the very
types of people who would later be prescribed Prozac. Although Eli Lilly has
not studied how many Prozac users have attempted suicide or committed
suicide, adds Dr. Breggin, it could easily do so even today.
"One of the easiest things to study is whether your patients are alive or
not. It's much easier to study that than whether they've gotten over their
depression. That's a hard thing to judge. How do you know if somebody is
feeling better or not feeling better? It's very complicated."
Evidence presented in the trial of Joseph Wesbecker also indicates that
Eli Lilly knew that Prozac users had a much higher rate of attempted suicide
than did patients taking placebos or other drugs. Dr. Breggin has testified
as a medical expert in the trial of Wesbecker, who killed eight people,
wounded a dozen others and then killed himself while he was taking Prozac.
Would a manufacturer sell an unsafe drug, and would the FDA approve it?
Dr. Breggin says the answer is "yes" because psychiatry is a part of the
medical industrial complex, which looks to market its products and services
just like any other industry.
The fact is, hundreds of approved drugs later have major new warnings
added to their labels or are withdrawn from the market. About 16 other drugs
got the green light during the time that Prozac was approved, and nine of
these have since had major changes to their labels. The FDA informs doctors,
but not the public, that the approval of a drug does not mean it is safe.
Meanwhile, a drug's dangerous side effects may not be recognized during
the testing stage because the FDA's individual studies usually consist of
small groups of patients. For example, if 40 groups of 100 patients are
tested (for a total of 4,000), the scientists may not notice a reaction in
one patient.
THE FDA PANEL
Another problem is that FDA doctors may have close affiliations with drug
companies. Dr. Breggin points out that Paul Leber, who approves
psychopharmacological drugs at the FDA, is "a friend to Prozac." A statement
in some of Eli Lilly's material even noted the relationship. Also, one
doctor who voted in favor of the drug received payment from Eli Lilly to
makes speeches about the drug's benefits and safety. "Dozens of doctors are
getting paid by Lilly and doing clinical research for them. Nonetheless,
they think they can sit fairly in judgment about whether Prozac is harmful
or not," says Dr. Breggin.84
Furthermore, when the FDA convened a panel in late 1991 to review
concerns about Prozac and violence, eight of the 10 panel members were
psychiatrists. The livelihood of these professionals depends, in part, on
the prescription of antidepressants such as Prozac, which raises questions
about their objectivity in reviewing the safety of prescription drugs.
In fact, the FDA disclosed before the panel hearing that a number of the
members had financial conflicts of interest because they had received grants
from various manufacturers of antidepressants. One member even had grants
pending from Eli Lilly; the CCHR also discovered that this member did not
disclose his engagement to speak at seminars funded by Eli Lilly or two
pending grants from antidepressant manufacturers. He had received some $4
million worth of research grants from such manufacturers in the eight years
preceding the Prozac hearing.
In the end, nearly all of the panel members either had conflicts of
interest or belonged to the psychiatric profession. The panel voted 10 to
zero that there was no evidence proving that antidepressants were linked to
violent or suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
According to the critics, the FDA panel did not acknowledge the
importance of the "rechallenging" process in its review of Prozac. With
rechallenging, patients who have experienced side effects which subside when
they stop taking a drug begin taking it again to see if the same negative
effects reoccur. If they do, the side effects in question can be closely
linked to the drug.
Dr. Martin Teicher, the Harvard researcher, told the FDA panel of at
least eight patients who had been rechallenged with Prozac and experienced
violent, suicidal thoughts, establishing a connection between the drug and
these effects. Dr. Teicher said that rechallenging could provide more
definitive data about a drug, and more quickly, than do clinical trials, but
the panel was not interested in the findings. What's more, when Dr. Teicher
asked to present slides correlating Prozac with violent, suicidal thoughts,
the panel refused to see them. It did, however, allow slide presentations
that defended Prozac.
REFERENCES
67. Breggin interview, op cit.
68. Ibid.
69. Hoehn-Saric R, Lipsey JR, McLeod DR, Apathy and
indifference in patients on fluvoxamine and fluoxetine, 10(5) Journal
of Clinical Psychopharmacology, October 1990, p. 343-45.
70. Patterson WM, Fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction,
54(2) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, February 1993, p. 71.
71. Herman JB, Brotman AW, Pollack MH, Falk WE, Biederman J,
Rosenbaum JF, Fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction, 51(1) Journal of
Clinical Psychiatry, January 1990, p. 25-7.
72. Murray MJ, Hooberman D, Fluoxetine and prolonged
erection, 150(1) American Journal of Psychiatry, January
1993, p. 167-68.
73. Morris PL, Fluoxetine and orgasmic sexual experiences,
21(4) Int J Psychiatry Med, 1991, p. 379-82.
74. Walker PW, Cole JO, Gardner EA, Hughes AR, Johnson A,
Batey SR, Lineberry CG, Improvement in fluoxetine-associated sexual
dysfunction in patients switched to buproprion, 54(12) Journal of
Clinical Psychiatry, December 1993, p. 459-65.
75. Breggin interview, op cit.
76. Mahendra D, Fluoxetine-associated dystonia, American
Journal of Psychiatry, January 1994, p. 149.
77. Black B, Uhde TW, Acute dystonia and fluoxetine, 53(9)
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, September 1992, p. 327.
78. Reccoppa L, Welch WA, Ware MR, Acute dystonia and
fluoxtine, 51(11) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, November
1990, p. 487.
79. Bharucha KJ, Sethi KD, Complex movement disorders
induced by fluoxetine, Mov Disord, 11: May 1996, p. 324-26.
80. Steur EN, Increase of Parkinson disability after
fluoxetine treatment, 43(1) Neurology, January 1993, p. 211-13.
81. Caley CF, Friedman JH, Does fluoxetine exacerbate
Parkinson's disease?, 53(8) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,
August 1992, p. 278-82.
82. Breggin interview, op cit.
83. Breggin, Talking Back to Prozac, p. 45-6.
84. Breggin interview, op cit.
First published at www.garynull.com/documents/prozac2.htm
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