Introduction to Ojibwe Command and Question Grammar |
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Much has been written and debated about the origin of Native Americans. Scientific anthropology insists that they must have come over a land bridge or the ice during the last ice age and that they are descendants of Asiatic forbears. Mormons claim that they are descendants of the Lost Tribe of Joseph through one of his sons, Manasseh. There is evidence that there was traffic and trade across the Atlantic between West Africa and South America with migrations into what is now Mexico and the southeast region of the United States. Even genetic ancestors from Europe are not yet ruled out. Other esoteric claims of alien spacecraft push credulity to the limit. Some people, especially the Hopi, believe that they arrived through a "hole" in time. "Most Native Americans reject these saying that their ancient stories say that they originated on the American continent. |
Commands. Imperative
Prohibitive ImperativeIn Prohibitive Imperative a prohibitive word gego (don't do!) and special suffixes are used. Examples of Prohibitive see in Verb Paradigms.Prohibitive Imperative suffixes for vta verbs:
Prohibitive Imperative suffixes for vti verbs:
Prohibitive Imperative suffixes for vai verbs:
If a verb ends in a consonant, "k" in a suffix changes into "g": /-gen/, /-gegon/. Examples:
"Yes/no" Questions and Negations"Yes/no" questions, which need "yes" or "no" answer are formed using special question marker - a word ina or na. It always stands after the first word in a question:
Negations are formed with a word gaawiin = «no, not» and a negative suffix /-sii/ or /-zii/ for vai and vta, /-siin/ or /-ziin/ for vti and vta, /-sinoon/ or /-zinoon/ for vii. A consonant in a suffix depends on a stem ending - 's' after a vowel and 'z' after a consonant:
Negative suffix is added at the end of a verb in singular. But in plural it is usually put before plural suffix for vai verbs or between singular and plural parts of a suffix of vti-s and vta-s:
Questions with: who, what, when, where, why, etc.Questions with words: who, what, when, where, why, etc are formed in a different way than "yes/no" questions. Verbs in these questions stand in B form (or conjunct order). Initial vowel change in B form (changed conjunct) occurs in this case:
Note. Though B form with an initial vowel change is used in different regions usually in the same cases, it could be formed differently in different subdialects. This rule of an initial vowel change occurs in its complete form only in Minnesota Ojibwe. In other subdialects it is very much reduced and often replaced with other grammatical changes (preverbs e-, gaa-, etc.) Initial vowel change affects also past and future tense prefixes: /gii-/ changes into /gaa-/, /ga-/ into /ge-/, and /wii-/ into /waa-/. Initial vowel change affects the first syllable of a verb, making no difference of what this first syllable actually is - tense prefix, preverb or a verb itself.
In answers A form (independent order) is used: aaniin ezhinikaazoyan? - ojiig nindizhinikaaz aaniish pii gaa-dagoshinan? - ningii-dagoshin bijiinaago ObviativeFirst of all here is an excerpt with short linguistic explanation of obviative: "Obviation is a grammaticized system of organization in which 3rd persons are ranked in prominence, and where this ranking has consequences for the morphosyntax. "In Algonquian all third persons are ranked in prominence. The most prominent 3rd person in the span is called the PROXIMATE; all others are called OBVIATIVES. If there is only 3rd person in the span, it will, by default, be the proximate. If there is more than one, one will be the proximate; all others will be obviative. Proximates occur whenever there is a 3rd person. Obviatives arise only in contexts involving multiple 3rd persons. Given that multiple 3rd persons must be ranked in obviation status. Three factors emerge as relevant, one semantic (a), one syntactic (b), and one pragmatic (c): a. Animates outrank inanimates; humans generally outrank animates. (including vii verbs obviative - not discussed here - weshki-ayaad) b. A genitive outranks its head. (= 3rd person possessive - weshki-ayaad) c. A more topical 3rd person outranks a less topical one." (Judith Aissen) We will encounter two last cases (b and c) only in these notes and will do it upside down, so - Obviative is a change of vta verb, an animate noun (and animate demonstrative pronouns and verbs, used with that noun) which are used with 3d person animate subject. Because of this change obviative is sometimes called the 4th person. Obviative appears: 1) If an animate subject stands in 3d person (singular or plural) and takes a vta verb and an animate object (= does something with any animate object). Then both vta verb and object (and demonstrative pronouns and verbs, used with the object) change their forms. This changed form is called � obviative. 2) If an animate noun in possessive form belongs to a possessor, which stands in 3d person (singular or plural). Then this noun (and demonstrative pronouns and verbs, used with this noun) change their form into obviative. Nouns and verbs in obviative take special suffixes. Demonstrative animate pronouns in obviative are changed into plural inanimate demonstrative pronouns regardless to real number. Noun obviative suffix is /-an/, or /-n, -yan, -wan/. There is no fixed word order in sentences in Ojibwe
language. Both subject and object could be placed before or after a verb
freely. The main sense of obviative in this case is to distinguish a subject
(main, proximate third person) from an object (other, obviative third
person), cause if both of them are in 3d person the verb could belong to
either of them. x nimbaabaa o-noondawaan ma'iingan x [x my father he-hears-him a wolf x] Obviative suffixes solve this problem easily:
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