| 1. Review article:
discusses in details the biological activities of Maritime Pine Plus®,
mainly focusing on its antioxidant and cardiovascular pharmacological
profile in light of up to date available data on Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Packer, L., Rimbach, G. and
Virgili, F. (1999) |
| Antioxidant activity and
biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from the pine (Pinus
maritima) bark, Pycnogenol. |
| Review Article In Free
Radical Biology and Medicine, 27(5/6): 704-724. |
| |
| 2. Review article:
describes cardiovascular pharmacologic profile of Maritime Pine Plus®,
mainly high lighting its inhibitory effects on the smoking-induced
platelet aggregation in humans. |
| Watson, R. (1999) |
| Reduction of cardiovascular
disease risk factors by French Maritime Pine Bark Extract. |
| Cardiovascular Reviews and
Reports XX (VI): 326-329. |
| |
| 3. Review article:
describes efficacy and safety profile of Maritime Pine Plus® in venous
disorders in humans. Mechanisms of reducing oedema are also discussed. |
| Gulati, O. P. (1999) |
| Maritime Pine Plus® in
venous disorders: A review. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research, 7 (2): 8-13. |
| |
| 4. Review article:
discusses the history of ancient pine bark uses to the present day
development of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Drehsen, G. (1999) |
| From ancient pine bark uses
to Pycnogenol, ,In "Antioxidant Food Supplements in human health", ed.
L. Packer, M. Hiramatsu and T. Yoshikawa, published by Academic Press,
1999, Chapter 20, pages 311-322. |
| |
| 5. Review article:
describes in addition to the antioxidant activity of Maritime Pine
Plus®, its effects on the immune system and modulation of nitrogen
monoxide metabolism, the development of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Virgili F., Kobuchi, H.,
Noda, Y., Cossins, E. and Packer, L. (1999) |
| Procyanidins from Pinus
maritima bark: Antioxidant activity, effects on the immune system and L.
Packer, M. Hiramatsu and T. Yoshikawa, published by Academic Press,
1999. Chapter 21 pages 323-342. |
| |
| 6. Review article:
Maritime Pine Plus® is a potent antioxidant. It provides cytoprotection,
produces immuno-modulation and strengthens blood vessels. In addition,
Maritime Pine Plus® improves circulation by inhibiting platelets
aggregation and producing vaso-dilatation. |
| Rohdewald, P. (1998) |
| Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| In "Flavonoids in Health and
Disease", ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker
Inc. NY, 1998, Chapter 17, pages 405-419. |
| |
| 7. Maritime Pine Plus®
modulates the production of nitric oxide radicals in activated
inflammatory cells. Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in
pathologies relating to oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. |
| Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| Nitrogen monoxide (NO)
metabolism: antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO
synthase activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted
from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol(). |
| In Flavonoids in Health and
Disease, ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker
Inc. NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436. |
| |
| 8. Maritime Pine Plus®
shows free radical scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species.
It inhibits the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators confirming the
anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory profile of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Cho, K-J., Yun C-H., Yoon,
D-Y., Cho, Y-S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L and Chung A-S. (2000) |
| Effect of bioflavonoids
extracted from the bark of Pinus maritime on proinflammatory cytokine
interleukin.1 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7. |
| Toxicology and applied
pharmacology,1687: 64-71. |
| |
| 9. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces cell protection by reducing the malonaldehyde (MDA) modified
protein, a known biochemical marker of free radical related cell injury. |
| Kim, J., Chehade, J., Pinnas,
J.L., and Mooradian, A.D. (2000) |
| Effect of select
antioxidants on malondialdehyde modification of proteins |
| Nutrition, 16: 1079-1081. |
| |
| 10. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces selective action on cell enzyme system relating to their
binding capacity, explaining its specificity of action against oxidative
stress. |
| Moini, H.,Guo, Q., and
Packer, L. 2000) |
| Enzyme inhibition and
protein binding action of Procyanidin -rich French maritime pine bark
extract, Pycnogenol: effect on xanthine oxidase. |
| J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:
5630-5639. |
| |
| 11. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits the formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia
in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other
herbal-sourced nutritional supplements. |
| Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T.
and Ogunmola, G.B. (2000) |
| Sickle cell anemia: A
potential nutritional approach for a molecular disease. |
| Nutrition, 16: 330-338. |
| |
| 12. Maritime Pine Plus®
by virtue of its relatively higher content of procyanidins is more
potent antioxidant than other herbal-sourced antioxidants cotaining
relatively higher content of regular flavon(ol)s. This fact is explained
on structural and functional basis. |
| Bors, W., Michel C and
Stettmaier, K (2000) |
| Electron paramagnetic
resonance studies of radical species of proanthocyanidins and gallete
esters. |
| Archives of Biochemistry and
Biophysics 374 (2):347-355. |
| |
| 13. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces significant reduction in vascular damage caused by beta-amyloid
protein. beta-amyloidosis is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of
Alzheimer's disease(AD). This explains the role of Maritime Pine Plus®
in reducing the risk of AD. |
| Liu, F. Lau, B.H.S., Peng, Q
and Shah, V. (2000) |
| Pycnogenol protects vascular
endothelial cells from beta-amyloid-induced injury. |
| Biol. Pharm. Bull 23 (6):
735-737. |
| |
| 14. Maritime Pine Plus®
and one of its components caffeic acid, modulate cellular response to
oxidative stress, contributing to the mechanisms involved in their
biological effects. |
| Nardini, M., Scaccini, C.,
Packer, L. and Virgili, F (2000) |
| In vitro inhibition of the
activity of phosphorylase kinase, protein kinase C and protein kinase A
by caffeic acid and a procyanidin-rich pine bark (Pinus maritima)
extract. |
| Biochimica et Biophysica
Acta, 1474:219-225 |
| |
| 15. Maritime Pine Plus®
in addition to its antioxidant activity, affects the regulation of
nitric oxide metabolism and cell adhesion, contributing to its
beneficial effects in inflammatory and degenerative conditions. |
| Packer, L. et al., (1999) |
| French Maritime Pine Bark
Extract: Antioxidant activity and effects on regulation of nitric oxide
metabolism and cell adhesion. |
| Experimental Biology 99 (FASEB)
Washington D.C., April, 1999; (Abstract). |
| |
| 16. Maritime Pine Plus®
protects retina of the eye against damage caused by oxidative stress.
The effect is more pronounced when compared to other antioxidant
bioflavonoids. Maritime Pine Plus® enhances the effects of other
antioxidant like Coenzyme Q10 when combined together. |
| Chida, M., Suzuki, K.,
Nakanishi-Ueda, T., Ueda, T., Yasuhara, H., Koide, R. and Armstrong, D.
(1999) |
| In vitro testing of
antioxidants and biochemical end-points in bovine retinal tissue. |
| Ophthalmic Research 31:
407-415. |
| |
| 17. Maritime Pine Plus®
is an efficient antioxidant due to the relative stability of its
corresponding radical and its regeneration by vitamin C and vitamin E
homologue Trolox. |
| Guo, Q. and Packer, L.
(1999) |
| ESR studies of the
procyanidin-rich French maritime pine bark extract free radical. |
| Oxygen Club of California (OCC)
World Congress, March 1999; (abstract). |
| Guo, Q., Zhao, B. and
Packer, L. (1999) |
| Electron spin resonance
study of free radicals formed from a procyanidin-rich pine (Pinus
maritime) |
| bark extract, Pycnogenol. |
| Free Radical Biology
Medicine 27 (11-12): 1308-1312. |
| |
| 18. Maritime Pine Plus®
significantly enhances the level of antioxidant defence against reactive
nitrogen species in vitro cell (macrophage) model system. |
| Rimbach, G., Virgili, F.,
Park, Y.C. and Packer, L. (1999) |
| Effect of procyanidins from
Pinus maritima on glutathione levels in endothelial cells challenged by
3-morpholinosydnomine and activated macrophages. |
| Oxygen Club of California (OCC)
World Congress, March 1999; (presentation) |
| |
| 19. The beneficial
effects of electron donating and protein binding properties of Maritime
Pine Plus® with respect to SAR of different enzyme system have been
demonstrated and discussed. |
| Packer, L., Bito, T.,
Cossins, E., Kobuchi, H., Moini, H., Noda, Y., Rimbach, G., Roy, S.,
Vaya, J. and Virgili, F. (1999) |
| Antioxidant activity and
biological properties of a French Maritime Pine Bark extract. |
| Oxygen Club of California (OCC)
World Congress, March 1999; (presentation). |
| |
| 20. Maritime Pine Plus®
protects (-tocopherol in endothelial cells. |
| Virgili F., Kim, D. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| Procyanidins extracted from
pine bark protect (-tocopherol in ECV 304 endothelial cells challenged
by activated RAW 264.7 macrophages: role of nitric oxide peroxynitrite. |
| FEBS letters, 431:315-318. |
| |
| 21. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits the effect of oxidative stress and minimises hydroxyl
radical-induced DNA damage in vitro. |
| Nelson, A.B., Lau, B.H.S.,
Ide, N. and Rong, Y. (1998) |
| Pycnogenol inhibits
macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation and hydroxyl
radical-induced DNA damage. |
| Drug Development and
Industrial Pharmacy, 24 (2): 139-144. |
| |
| 22. Maritime Pine Plus®
modulates the production of nitric oxide radicals in activated
inflammatory cells. Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in
pathologies relating to oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. |
| Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| Nitrogen monoxide (NO)
metabolism: antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO
synthase activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted
from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol(). |
| In Flavonoids in Health and
Disease, ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker
Inc. NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436. |
| Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| Procyanidins extracted from
Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol() scavengers of free radical species and
modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine raw 264.7
macrophages. |
| Free Radical Biology &
Medicine 24 (7/8) 1120-1129. |
| |
| 23. Maritime Pine Plus®
prolongs the lifetime of vitamin C more than other flavonoids. |
| Cossins, E., Lee, R. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| ESR studies of vitamin C
regeneration, order of reactivity of natural source phytochemical
preparations. |
| Biochem Mol. Biol. Int., 45
(3): 583-597. |
| |
| 24. Maritime Pine Plus®
is shown to be the strongest hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenger
among other extracts tested. In addition, Maritime Pine Plus® is
resistant to heat and ascorbate oxidase. |
| Noda, Y., Anzai, K., Mori,
A., Kohno, M., Shinmei, M. and Packer, L. (1997) |
| Hydroxyl and superoxide
anion radical scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using
the computerized JES-FR30 ESR spectrometer system. |
| Biochem. & Mol. Biol. Int.,
42 (1): 35-44. |
| |
| 25. Maritime Pine Plus®
protects the endothelial cells which line the blood vessels from free
radicals damage. Damage to endothelial cells is considered a prime cause
for atherosclerosis. |
| Rong Y., Li, L., Shah, V.
and Lau, B.H.S. (1995) |
| Pycnogenol protects vascular
endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury. |
| Biotechnology Therapeutics,
5 (3 & 4): 117-126. |
| |
| 26. Maritime Pine Plus®
scavenges superoxide radicals in vitro and inhibits oedema in vivo. The
anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities are closely
correlated. |
| Blazso, G., Gabor, M.,
Sibbel, R. and Rohdewald, P. (1994) |
| Anti-inflammatory and
superoxide radical scavenging activities of procyanidins containing
extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster sol. and its fractions. |
| Pharm. Parmacol. Lett., 3:
217-220. |
| |
| 27. Maritime Pine Plus®
was proved to be an excellent radical scavenger of enzymatically
produced hydroxyl and singlet oxygen free radicals, two of the most
dangerous free radicals. |
| Elstner, E.F. and Kleber, E.
(1990) |
| Radical scavenger properties
of leucocyanidine. |
| In: Das NP, ed. Flavonoids
in Biology & Medicine III: Current issues in Flavonoid Research:
National University of Singapore Press (1990): 221-235. |
| |
| 28. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits the formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia
in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other
herbal-sourced nutritional supplements. |
| Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T.
and Ogunmola, G.B. (2000) |
| Sickle cell anemia: A
potential nutritional approach for a molecular disease. |
| Nutrition, 16: 330-338. |
| |
| 29. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits smoking-induced increased levels of thromboxane B2, the noxious
agent involved in the increased platelet reactivity/aggregation in
smokers. These results explain the mechanism of anti-platelet
aggregation activity of Maritime Pine Plus® observed in smokers. |
| Araghi-Nicknam, M., .,
Hosseini, S., Larson D., Rohdewald, P. and Watson R.R. (1999) |
| Pine bark extract reduces
platelet aggregation. |
| Integrative Medicine, 2
(2/3). 73-77. |
| |
| 30. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits smoking induced platelet aggregation in dose-dependent manner
in humans. The effect lasts for more than 6 days and unlike aspirin, it
does not produce increase in bleeding time. |
| Pütter, M., Grotemeyer,
K.H.M., Würthwein, G., Araghi-Nicknam, M., Watson R.R., Hosseini, S. and
Rohdewald, P. (1999) |
| Inhibition of
smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and Pycnogenol. |
| Thrombosis Research, 95:
155-161. |
| |
| 31. Maritime Pine Plus®
helps to maintain a healthy circulation through vasodilatation, anti
platelet aggregation, free radical scavenging and capillary sealing
effects. The role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is also discussed. |
| Rohdewald, P. (1999) |
| Reducing the risk for stroke
and heart infarction with Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research, 7 (2): 14-17. |
| |
| 32. Maritime Pine Plus®
helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and
aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in
human. |
| Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao,
Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
| The effect of Maritime Pine
Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium
in patients with coronary artery diseases. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research. 7 (2): 19-25. |
| |
| 33. Maritime Pine Plus®
counteracts the constriction of blood vessels due to stress. The vaso-relaxant
activity of Maritime Pine Plus® is mediated through nitric oxide. |
| Fitzpatrick, D.F., Bing, B.
and Rohdewald, P. (1998) |
| Endothelium-dependent
vascular effects of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Journal Cardiovascular
Pharmacology, 32: 509-515. |
| |
| 34. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits the formation of "dense cells" involved in sickle cell anemia
in humans. Maritime Pine Plus® is more potent compared to other
herbal-sourced nutritional supplements. |
| Ohnishi, S. T., Ohnishi, T.
and Ogunmola, G.B. (2000) |
| Sickle cell anemia: A
potential nutritional approach for a molecular disease. |
| Nutrition, 16: 330-338. |
| |
| 35. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits smoking-induced increased levels of thromboxane B2, the noxious
agent involved in the increased platelet reactivity/aggregation in
smokers. These results explain the mechanism of anti-platelet
aggregation activity of Maritime Pine Plus® observed in smokers. |
| Araghi-Nicknam, M., .,
Hosseini, S., Larson D., Rohdewald, P. and Watson R.R. (1999) |
| Pine bark extract reduces
platelet aggregation. |
| Integrative Medicine, 2
(2/3). 73-77. |
| |
| 36. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits smoking induced platelet aggregation in dose-dependent manner
in humans. The effect lasts for more than 6 days and unlike aspirin, it
does not produce increase in bleeding time. |
| Pütter, M., Grotemeyer,
K.H.M., Würthwein, G., Araghi-Nicknam, M., Watson R.R., Hosseini, S. and
Rohdewald, P. (1999) |
| Inhibition of
smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and Pycnogenol. |
| Thrombosis Research, 95:
155-161. |
| |
| 37. Maritime Pine Plus®
helps to maintain a healthy circulation through vasodilatation, anti
platelet aggregation, free radical scavenging and capillary sealing
effects. The role of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is also discussed. |
| Rohdewald, P. (1999) |
| Reducing the risk for stroke
and heart infarction with Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research, 7 (2): 14-17. |
| |
| 38. Maritime Pine Plus®
helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and
aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in
human. |
| Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao,
Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
| The effect of Maritime Pine
Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium
in patients with coronary artery diseases. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research. 7 (2): 19-25. |
| |
| 39. Maritime Pine Plus®
helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and
aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in
human. |
| Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao,
Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
| The effect of Maritime Pine
Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium
in patients with coronary artery diseases. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research. 7 (2): 19-25. |
| |
| 40. Maritime Pine Plus®
slows down the process of decline in the activities of immune and blood
generating systems related to ageing and restores their functions to
normal. |
| Liu, F.J., Zhang, Y.X. and
Lau B.H.S. (1998) |
| Maritime Pine Plus® enhances
immune and haemopoietic function in senescence-accelerated mice. |
| CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci.,
54: 1168-1172. |
| |
| 41. Maritime Pine Plus®
counteracts the constriction of blood vessels due to stress. The vaso-relaxant
activity of Maritime Pine Plus® is mediated through nitric oxide. |
| Fitzpatrick, D.F., Bing, B.
and Rohdewald, P. (1998) |
| Endothelium-dependent
vascular effects of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Journal Cardiovascular
Pharmacology, 32: 509-515. |
| |
| 42. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits the angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE) and produces a
moderate hypotensive effect in rats. This is not an anti-hypertensive
effect, as that of Captopril(. |
| Blazso, G., Gaspar R., Gabor,
M., Rüve H-J and Rohdewald, P. (1996) |
| ACE inhibition and
hypotensive effect of procyanidinis containing extract from the bark of
Pinus pinaster Sol. |
| Pharm. Pharmacol. Lett.,
6(1): 8-11. |
| |
| 43. Maritime Pine Plus®
protects the endothelial cells which line the blood vessels from free
radicals damage. Damage to endothelial cells is considered a prime cause
for atherosclerosis. |
| Rong Y., Li, L., Shah, V.
and Lau, B.H.S. (1995) |
| Pycnogenol protects vascular
endothelial cells from t-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidant injury. |
| Biotechnology Therapeutics,
5 (3 & 4): 117-126. |
| |
| 44. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces vaso-protective an effect at the level of capillaries as shown
in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus® decreases oedema and
haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions characterised by increased
capillary permeability. |
| Becker, S.R. (1995) |
| Le pycnogénol: une substance
douée de properiétés angioprotectrices |
| dans le traitement de
l'insuffisance veineuse chronique. |
| Journal Suisse de médecine
globale, 1/95 : 11-14 et 2/95 : 69-73. |
| |
| 45. The efficacy of
Maritime Pine Plus® has been confirmed on the basis of objective and
subjective signs and symptoms of static oedema in a double blind study
in 40 patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency. Maritime
Pine Plus® is a safe veno- protector. |
| Schmidtke, I. and Schoop, W.
(1995) |
| Le pycnogénol: Thérapeutique
médicamenteuse de l'oedème statique. |
| Journal Suisse de médecine
globale, 3/95 :114-115. |
| |
| 46. Maritime Pine Plus®
increases the pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime
Pine Plus® is shown to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids
tested. Maritime Pine Plus® provides strength to capillary walls and
makes them less permeable and thus contributes to anti-oedema,
anti-inflammatory effects. |
| Gabor, M., Engi, E. and
Sonkodi, S. (1993) |
| Die Kapillarwandresistenz
und ihre Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan
hypertonischen Ratten. |
| Phlebologie, 22: 178-182 |
| |
| 47. Maritime Pine Plus®
tested in a placebo-controlled, double-blind phase as well as in open
phase clinical trial. It produced significant relief and disappearance
of symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Safety was confirmed by
lack of side effects, changes in blood biochemistry and haematological
parameters. |
| Petrassi, C., Mastromarino,
A. and Spartera, C. (2000) |
| Phytomedicine 7(5): 383-388 |
| |
| 48. Maritime Pine Plus®
tested in a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial, has been
shown to produce significant relief and disappearance of symptoms of
chronic venous insufficiency. |
| Arcangeli, P. (2000) |
| Maritime Pine Plus® in
chronic venous insufficiency. |
| Fitoterapia, 71:236-244 |
| |
| 49. Maritime Pine Plus®
helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and
aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in
human. |
| Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao,
Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
| The effect of Maritime Pine
Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium
in patients with coronary artery diseases. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research. 7 (2): 19-25. |
| |
| 50. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces an anti-oedema effect. Topical application of Maritime Pine
Plus® gel protects the skin against UV radiation. |
| Blazso, G., Gabor, M. and
Rohdewald, P. (1997) |
| Antiinflammatory activities
of procyanidin containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral
and cutaneous application. |
| Pharmazie, 52 (5): 380-382. |
| |
| 51. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces vaso-protective an effect at the level of capillaries as shown
in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus® decreases oedema and
haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions characterised by increased
capillary permeability. |
| Becker, S.R. (1995) |
| Le pycnogénol: une substance
douée de properiétés angioprotectrices |
| dans le traitement de
l'insuffisance veineuse chronique. |
| Journal Suisse de médecine
globale, 1/95 : 11-14 et 2/95 : 69-73. |
| |
| 52. The efficacy of
Maritime Pine Plus® has been confirmed on the basis of objective and
subjective signs and symptoms of static oedema in a double blind study
in 40 patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency. Maritime
Pine Plus® is a safe veno- protector. |
| Schmidtke, I. and Schoop, W.
(1995) |
| Le pycnogénol: Thérapeutique
médicamenteuse de l'oedème statique. |
| Journal Suisse de médecine
globale, 3/95 :114-115. |
| |
| 53. Maritime Pine Plus®
increases the pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime
Pine Plus® is shown to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids
tested. Maritime Pine Plus® provides strength to capillary walls and
makes them less permeable and thus contributes to anti-oedema,
anti-inflammatory effects. |
| Gabor, M., Engi, E. and
Sonkodi, S. (1993) |
| Die Kapillarwandresistenz
und ihre Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan
hypertonischen Ratten. |
| Phlebologie, 22: 178-182 |
| |
| 54. Maritime Pine Plus®
affects favourably the gene expression profile in human keratinocytes in
vitro, thus having a great potential in psoriasis and dermatoses. |
| Rihn, B., Saliou, C., Bottin,
MC., Keith, G. and Packer, L. (2001) |
| From ancient remedies to
modern therapeutics. Pinebark uses in skin disorders revisited. |
| Phytotherapy Research,
15:76-78. |
| |
| 55. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits Interferon -gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced ICAM-1 expression in
human skin cells (keratinocytes). This effect is dose and time dependent
indicating the therapeutic potential of Maritime Pine Plus® in
inflammatory skin disorders. |
| Bito, T., Roy, S., Sen, C.K.
and Packer, L. (2000) |
| Pine bark extract Pycnogenol
downregulates IFN-gamma - induced adhesion of T cells to human
keratinocytes by inhibiting inducible ICAM-1 expression. |
| Free Radical Biology
Medicine 28 (2): 219-227. |
| |
| 56. Maritime Pine Plus®
prevents solar ultraviolet (UV)-induced NF-kB dependent gene expression
in human keratinocytes. This effect was concentration dependent
indicating the beneficial effects of Maritime Pine Plus® in skin
disorders induced by UVR. |
| Saliou, C., McLaughlin, L.
and Packer, L. (1999) |
| French Pinus maritima bark
extract prevents ultraviolet-induced NF-kB dependent gene expression in
a human keratinocyte cell line. |
| Oxygen Club of California (OCC)
World Congress, March 1999; (presentation) |
| |
| 57. Maritime Pine Plus®
prolongs the lifetime of vitamin C more than other flavonoids. |
| Cossins, E., Lee, R. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| ESR studies of vitamin C
regeneration, order of reactivity of natural source phytochemical
preparations. |
| Biochem Mol. Biol. Int., 45
(3): 583-597. |
| |
| 58. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces an anti-oedema effect. Topical application of Maritime Pine
Plus® gel protects the skin against UV radiation. |
| Blazso, G., Gabor, M. and
Rohdewald, P. (1997) |
| Antiinflammatory activities
of procyanidin containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral
and cutaneous application. |
| Pharmazie, 52 (5): 380-382. |
| |
| 59. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces an anti-oedema effect. applied topically, Maritime Pine Plus®
significantly reduces UVB radiation induced-erythema. |
| Blazso, G., Rohdewald, P.,
Sibbel, R. and Gabor, M. (1995) |
| Anti-inflammatory activities
of procyanidin-containing extracts from Pinus pinaster sol. |
| Proceedings of the
International Bioflavonoid Symposium, Vienna, Austria, ed. Antus, S.,
Gabor, M. and Vetschera, K. July 16-19, 1995, pages 231-238. |
| |
| 60. Maritime Pine Plus®
protects the skin from ultraviolet-radiation-induced oxidative stress
injury (lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity). The protective effects
were related to dose, with the highest concentration providing the
greatest benefits. |
| Guochang, Z. (1993) |
| Ultraviolet
radiation-induced oxidative stress in cultured human skin fibroblasts
and antioxidant protection. |
| Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Jyväskylä 33:1-86, Jyväskylä, Finland. |
| |
| 61. Maritime Pine Plus®
shows beneficial effects in retinopathy |
| Spadea, L. and Balestrazzi,
E. (2001) |
| Treatment of vascular
retinopathies with Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Phytother. Res., 15:
219-223. |
| |
| 62. Maritime Pine Plus®
protects retina of the eye against damage caused by oxidative stress.
The effect is more pronounced when compared to other antioxidant
bioflavonoids. Maritime Pine Plus® enhances the effects of other
antioxidant like Coenzyme Q10 when combined together. |
| Chida, M., Suzuki, K.,
Nakanishi-Ueda, T., Ueda, T., Yasuhara, H., Koide, R. and Armstrong, D.
(1999) |
| In vitro testing of
antioxidants and biochemical end-points in bovine retinal tissue. |
| Ophthalmic Research 31:
407-415. |
| |
| 63. Maritime Pine Plus®
helps fighting against heart disease by inhibiting adhesion and
aggregation of platelets and improving microcirculatory blood flow in
human. |
| Wang, S., Tan, D. , Zhao,
Y., Gao, G., Gao, X. and Hu, L. (1999) |
| The effect of Maritime Pine
Plus® on the microcirculation, platelet function and ischemic myocardium
in patients with coronary artery diseases. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research. 7 (2): 19-25. |
| |
| 64. Maritime Pine Plus®
protects the retina of the eye against free radicals damage. |
| Ueda, T., Ueda, T. and
Armstrong D. (1996) |
| Preventive effect of natural
and synthetic antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in the mammalian eye. |
| Ophthalmic Research, 28:
184-192. |
| |
| 65. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces vaso-protective an effect at the level of capillaries as shown
in clinical studies. Maritime Pine Plus® decreases oedema and
haemorrhagic tendencies in conditions characterised by increased
capillary permeability. |
| Becker, S.R. (1995) |
| Le pycnogénol: une substance
douée de properiétés angioprotectrices |
| dans le traitement de
l'insuffisance veineuse chronique. |
| Journal Suisse de médecine
globale, 1/95 : 11-14 et 2/95 : 69-73. |
| |
| 66. Maritime Pine Plus®
increases the pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime
Pine Plus® is shown to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids
tested. Maritime Pine Plus® provides strength to capillary walls and
makes them less permeable and thus contributes to anti-oedema,
anti-inflammatory effects. |
| Gabor, M., Engi, E. and
Sonkodi, S. (1993) |
| Die Kapillarwandresistenz
und ihre Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan
hypertonischen Ratten. |
| Phlebologie, 22: 178-182 |
| |
| 67. Maritime Pine Plus®
produces significant reduction in vascular damage caused by beta-amyloid
protein. beta-amyloidosis is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of
Alzheimer's disease(AD). This explains the role of Maritime Pine Plus®
in reducing the risk of AD. |
| Liu, F. Lau, B.H.S., Peng, Q
and Shah, V. (2000) |
| Pycnogenol protects vascular
endothelial cells from beta-amyloid-induced injury. |
| Biol. Pharm. Bull 23 (6):
735-737. |
| |
| 68. Maritime Pine Plus®
protects nerve cells against glutamate-induced cell damage. |
| Kobayashi, M.S., Han, D.,
and Packer, L. (2000) |
| Antioxidants and herbal
extracts protect HT-4 neuronal cells against glutamate-induced
cytotoxicity |
| Free Rad. Res. 32:115-124. |
| |
| 69. Maritime Pine Plus®
improves learning impairment and loss of memory, common symptoms of the
ageing process. |
| Liu, F., Zhang, Y., and Lau,
B.H.S. (1999) |
| Pycnogenol improves learning
impairment and memory deficit in Senescence-accelerated mice. |
| Journal of Anti-aging
Medicine, 2 (4): 349-355. |
| Lau B.H.S. Liu, F.J., Peng,
Q.L. and Zhang, Y.X. (1999) |
| Maritime Pine Plus® improves
learning impairment and memory deficit in senescence accelerated mice. |
| Experimental Biology 99 (FASEB)
Washington D.C., April 1999; (Abstract.). |
| |
| 70. Maritime Pine Plus®
slows down the process of decline in the activities of immune and blood
generating systems related to ageing and restores their functions to
normal. |
| Liu, F.J., Zhang, Y.X. and
Lau B.H.S. (1998) |
| Maritime Pine Plus® enhances
immune and haemopoietic function in senescence-accelerated mice. |
| CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci.,
54: 1168-1172. |
| |
| 71. Maritime Pine Plus®
enhances clearance of H2O2 and O2-. It increases the GSH-redox cycle and
antioxidant enzymes (SOD & CAT) activities. These antioxidant mechanisms
may contribute to the beneficial effects of Maritime Pine Plus® in
cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemia, inflammatory diseases and
the aging process. |
| Wei, Z H., Peng Q.L. and Lau
B.H.S. (1997) |
| Pycnogenol enhances
endothelial cell antioxidant defences. |
| Redox Report, 3 (4):
219-224. |
| |
| 72. Maritime Pine Plus®
increases the synthesis of important anti-oxidative enzymes in
macrophages. Additionally, it inhibits the production of noxious
peroxides the major mediators of inflammation thus confirming the
anti-inflammatory profile of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Bayeta, E. and Lau, B.H.S.
(2001) |
| Pycnogenol inhibits
generation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. |
| Nutrition Research, 20 (2):
249-259. |
| |
| Maritime Pine Plus®
shows free radical scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species.
It inhibits the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators confirming the
anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory profile of
Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Cho, K-J., Yun C-H., Yoon,
D-Y., Cho, Y-S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L and Chung A-S. |
| Effect of bioflavonoids
extracted from the bark of Pinus maritime on proinflammatory cytokine
interleukin.1 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7. |
| Toxicology and applied
pharmacology,1687: 64-71. |
| |
| 73. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits Interferon -gamme (IFN-gamma)-induced ICAM-1 expression in
human skin cells (keratinocytes). This effect is dose and time dependent
indicating the therapeutic potential of Maritime Pine Plus® in
inflammatory skin disorders. |
| Bito, T., Roy, S., Sen, C.K.
and Packer, L. (2000) |
| Pine bark extract Pycnogenol
downregulates IFN-gamma - induced adhesion of T cells to human
keratinocytes by inhibiting inducible ICAM-1 expression. |
| Free Radical Biology
Medicine 28 (2): 219-227. |
| |
| 74. Maritime Pine Plus®
modulates the production of nitric oxide radicals in activated
inflammatory cells. Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in
pathologies relating to oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. |
| Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| Nitrogen monoxide (NO)
metabolism: antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO
synthase activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted
from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol(). |
| In Flavonoids in Health and
Disease, ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker
Inc. NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436. |
| Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| Procyanidins extracted from
Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol() scavengers of free radical species and
modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine raw 264.7
macrophages. |
| Free Radical Biology &
Medicine 24 (7/8) 1120-1129. |
| |
| 75. Maritime Pine Plus®
enhances clearance of H2O2 and O2-. It increases the GSH-redox cycle and
antioxidant enzymes (SOD & CAT) activities. These antioxidant mechanisms
may contribute to the beneficial effects of Maritime Pine Plus® in
cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, ischemia, inflammatory diseases and
the aging process. |
| Wei, Z H., Peng Q.L. and Lau
B.H.S. (1997) |
| Pycnogenol enhances
endothelial cell antioxidant defences. |
| Redox Report, 3 (4):
219-224. |
| |
| 76. Maritime Pine Plus®
scavenges superoxide radicals in vitro and inhibits oedema in vivo. The
anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging activities are closely
correlated. |
| Blazso, G., Gabor, M.,
Sibbel, R. and Rohdewald, P. (1994) |
| Anti-inflammatory and
superoxide radical scavenging activities of procyanidins containing
extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster sol. and its fractions. |
| Pharm. Parmacol. Lett., 3:
217-220. |
| |
| 77. Maritime Pine Plus®
increases the pathologically low capillary wall resistance. Maritime
Pine Plus® is shown to be the most potent among other bioflavonoids
tested. Maritime Pine Plus® provides strength to capillary walls and
makes them less permeable and thus contributes to anti-oedema,
anti-inflammatory effects. |
| Gabor, M., Engi, E. and
Sonkodi, S. (1993) |
| Die Kapillarwandresistenz
und ihre Beeinflussung durch wasserlösliche Flavonderivate bei spontan
hypertonischen Ratten. |
| Phlebologie, 22: 178-182 |
| |
| 78. Maritime Pine Plus®
shows free radical scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species.
It inhibits the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators confirming the
anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory profile of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Cho, K-J., Yun C-H., Yoon,
D-Y., Cho, Y-S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L and Chung A-s. |
| Effect of bioflavonoids
extracted from the bark of Pinus maritime on proinflammatory cytokine
interleukin.1 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7. |
| Toxicology and applied
pharmacology,1687: 64-71. |
| |
| 79. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor
kappa B activation, and adhesion molecule expression, the processes
involved in the atherogenesis. TNF-alpha increases the release of
superoxide anion and H2O2; Maritime Pine Plus® dose-dependently inhibits
their release |
| Peng, Q., Wei, Z. and Lau
B.H.S. (2000) |
| Maritime Pine Plus® inhibits
tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor kappa B
activation, and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular
endothelial cells. |
| CMLS. Cell. Mol. Life Sci.
57:834-841. |
| |
| 80. Maritime Pine Plus®
selectively kills cancerous human mammary cells (MCF-7), without
affecting the normal mammary cells (MCF-10). |
| Huynh, H.T. and Teel R.W.
(2000) |
| Selective induction of
apoptosis in human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) by Pycnogenol. |
| Anticancer Research, 20 (4):
2417-2420. |
| |
| 81. Maritime Pine Plus®
increases TNF-alpha secretion in the macrophage system in a
concentration and time dependent manner indicating that it acts as
modulator of the immune response in macrophages. |
| Park, Y.C., Rimbach, G.,
Saliou, C., Valacchi, G. and Packer, L. (2000) |
| Activity of monomeric,
dimeric, and trimeric flavonoids on NO production, TNF-alpha secretion,
and NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. |
| FEBS Letters 2000, 14 (2-3):
93-97. |
| |
| 82. Maritime Pine Plus®
is an efficient antioxidant due to the relative stability of its
corresponding radical and its regeneration by vitamin C and vitamin E
homologue Trolox. |
| Guo, Q. and Packer, L.
(1999) |
| ESR studies of the
procyanidin-rich French maritime pine bark extract free radical. |
| Oxygen Club of California (OCC)
World Congress, March 1999; (abstract). |
| Guo, Q., Zhao, B. and
Packer, L. (1999) |
| Electron spin resonance
study of free radicals formed from a procyanidin-rich pine (Pinus
maritime) |
| bark extract, Pycnogenol. |
| Free Radical Biology
Medicine 27 (11-12): 1308-1312. |
| |
| 83. Maritime Pine Plus®
significantly enhances the level of antioxidant defence against reactive
nitrogen species in vitro cell (macrophage) model system. |
| Rimbach, G., Virgili, F.,
Park, Y.C. and Packer, L. (1999) |
| Effect of procyanidins from
Pinus maritima on glutathione levels in endothelial cells challenged by
3-morpholinosydnomine and activated macrophages. |
| Oxygen Club of California (OCC)
World Congress, March 1999; (presentation) |
| |
| 84. Maritime Pine Plus®
slows down the process of decline in the activities of immune and blood
generating systems related to ageing and restores their functions to
normal. |
| Liu, F.J., Zhang, Y.X. and
Lau B.H.S. (1998) |
| Maritime Pine Plus® enhances
immune and haemopoietic function in senescence-accelerated mice. |
| CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life. Sci.,
54: 1168-1172. |
| |
| 85. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits the formation of reactive metabolites of the tobacco-specific
nitroso compound and thus supports a chemo-preventive action against NNK
induced lung cancer. |
| Huynh, H.T. and Teel, R.W.
(1998) |
| Effects of Maritime Pine
Plus® on the microsomal metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine
NNK as a function of age. |
| Cancer letters, 132:135-139. |
| |
| 86. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits the effect of oxidative stress and minimises hydroxyl
radical-induced DNA damage in vitro. |
| Nelson, A.B., Lau, B.H.S.,
Ide, N. and Rong, Y. (1998) |
| Pycnogenol inhibits
macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation and hydroxyl
radical-induced DNA damage. |
| Drug Development and
Industrial Pharmacy, 24 (2): 139-144. |
| |
| 87. Maritime Pine Plus®
modulates the production of nitric oxide radicals in activated
inflammatory cells. Maritime Pine Plus® produces beneficial effects in
pathologies relating to oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions. |
| Virgili, F., Kobuchi, H. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| Nitrogen monoxide (NO)
metabolism: antioxidant properties and modulation of inducible NO
synthase activity in activated macrophages by Procyanidins extracted
from Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol(). |
| In Flavonoids in Health and
Disease, ed. Catherine A. Rice-Evans and Lester Packer, Marcel Dekker
Inc. NY, 1998.Chapter 18. Pages 421-436. |
| |
| 88. Virgili, F., Kobuchi,
H. and Packer, L. (1998) |
| Procyanidins extracted from
Pinus maritima (Pycnogenol() scavengers of free radical species and
modulators of nitrogen monoxide metabolism in activated murine raw 264.7
macrophages. |
| Free Radical Biology &
Medicine 24 (7/8) 1120-1129. |
| |
| 89. Maritime Pine Plus®
prolongs the lifetime of vitamin C more than other flavonoids. |
| Cossins, E., Lee, R. and
Packer, L. (1998) |
| ESR studies of vitamin C
regeneration, order of reactivity of natural source phytochemical
preparations. |
| Biochem Mol. Biol. Int., 45
(3): 583-597. |
| |
| 90. Maritime Pine Plus®
enhances the activity of the immune system in mice infected with a
leukemia- causing retrovirus. Maritime Pine Plus® increases the natural
killer cell cytotoxicity. |
| Cheshier, J.E.,
Ardestani-Kaboudanian, S., Liang B., Araghinicknam, M., Chung, S., Lane,
L., Castro, A. and Watson, R.R. (1996) |
| Immuno-modulation by
Maritime Pine Plus® in retro-virus infected or ethanol-fed mice. |
| Life Sci., 58(5): 87-96. |
| |
| 92. Maritime Pine Plus®
increases human endurance during exercise by 21% providing antioxidant
reserves. |
| Pavlovic, P. (1999) |
| Improved endurance by use of
antioxidants. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research, 7 (2): 26-29. |
| |
| 93. Pavlovic, P.,
Swanson, D. and Tirado, D. (1998) |
| Human response to physical
stress improved by antioxidants. |
| Proeedings Oxygen Society
meeting on 20th November, 1998 (Abstract). |
| |
| 94. Maritime Pine Plus®
helps in gynaecological disorders such as endometriosis and dysmenorrhea.
It reduces menstrual cramps, abdominal pain and tenderness. |
| Kohama, T. and Suzuki, N.
(1999) |
| The treatment of
gynaecological disorders with Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research, 7 (2):30-32. |
| |
| 95. Maritime Pine Plus®
inhibits the accumulation of fat droplets in the fatty tissue, which may
contribute to preventing obesity and maintaining optimal health. |
| Hasegawa, N. (2000) |
| Inhibition of lipogenesis by
Pycnogenol. |
| Phytotherapy Research, 14:
472-473. |
| |
| 96. Maritime Pine Plus®
stimulates lipolysis which may contribute to preventing obesity and
maintaining optimal health. |
| Hasegawa, N. (1999) |
| Stimulation of lipolysis by
Pycnogenol. |
| Phytotherapy Research, 13:
619-620. |
| |
| 97. Maritime Pine Plus®
improves the morphology of spermatozoa. The percentage of non-deformed
sperms in sub-fertile men was increased by 99% after supplementation
with Maritime Pine Plus® for three months. |
| Roseff, S and Gulati, R.
(1999) |
| Improvement of sperm quality
by Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research, 7 (2): 33-36. |
| Roseff, S., Kessler, K. and
Gulati, R. (1998) |
| Oral administration of
Maritime Pine Plus®, A novel antioxidant affects baseline human sperm
morphology, but not sperm count , motility or functions. |
| Proc. 54th Ann. Meet. Am.
Soc. Reprod. Med.October,1998 in San Francisco, USA. |
| Fertility & Sterility 70(3):
S-265-266. |
| |
| 98. Maritime Pine Plus®,
its components and metabolites are bio-available in human for more than
24 hours to produce their beneficial effects. |
| Grosse-Düweler, K. and
Rohdewald, P. (2000) |
| Urinary metabolites of
French maritime pine bark extract in humans. |
| Pharmazie 55:364-368. |
| |
| Bio-kinetics (absorption,
metabolism and excretion) of Maritime Pine Plus®
in healthy human subjects has been demonstrated by studying the
excretion pattern of ferulic acid (one of the components of
Maritime Pine Plus®). |
| Virgili, F., Pagana, G.
Bourne, L., Rimbach, G., Natella, F., Rice-Evance, C and Packer, L.
(2000) |
| Ferulic acid excretion as a
marker of consumption of a French maritime pine (Pinus maritima) bark
extract. |
| Free Radical Biology &
Medicine, 28 (8)1249-1256. |
| |
| 99. Maritime Pine Plus®
is shown to be bioavailable based on its therapeutic effects in vivo:-
the prevention of platelet aggregation and the capillary sealing effect.
Valerolactones as sulphates or glucronides appear in the urine and they
represent the active metabolites of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| Rohdewald, P. (1999) |
| Bioavailabilty and
metabolism of Maritime Pine Plus®. |
| European Bulletin of Drug
Research, 7 (2): 5-7. |
|
Pycnogenol is the safe,
effective super-antioxidant that helps to relieve many chronic degenerative
disorders.
Click here to Order Pycnogenol
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Aslan Heart / White Eagle Soaring of the
Little Shell Pembina Band,
a
Treaty
Tribe of the Ojibwe Nation.
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